Usually intact skin is a formidable barrier that acts as the first line of defense against microorganisms that may try to gain entry into a host. How Parasites Overcome the Hosts’ Physical and Physiological Barriers The gathered information could assist designing diagnostics, novel treatment biologics/regimens, and vaccines to counteract the diseases caused by the respective parasites. This review article summarizes the most important strategies used by representative protozoa and helminths to overcome, evade, resist, suppress, and/or manipulate the host immune apparatus/mechanisms that are directed against them.
Although the parasites are classified in diverse taxonomic families based on their distinct morphology and molecular attributes, they are endowed with and share the same capacity to overcome, exploit, evade, modulate, and/or downregulate the immune responses of the infected host in order to maintain their parasitism, i.e., long-term survival and completion of their life cycle.
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